Background and career
Donald Goines (pseudonym: Al C. Clark; December 15, 1936 – October 21, 1974) was an African-American writer of urban fiction. His novels were deeply influenced by the work of Iceberg Slim.
Goines was born in Detroit, Michigan on December 15, 1936. His parents were a middle-class Black Catholic couple that ran a laundry business. His mother Myrtle Goines told Goines that her family was descended from Jefferson Davis and a woman who was enslaved. Donald was the middle child of three, and the only son. At age 15, Goines lied about his age to join the Air Force and fought in the Korean War.
During his stint in the Armed Forces, Goines developed an addiction to heroin that continued after his honorable discharge in the mid-1950s. In order to support his addiction, Goines committed crimes including pimping, larceny, robbery, illegal liquor manufacturing and theft. He lived in several cities, including Kansas City, Missouri and Junction City, Kansas, but mostly in his native Detroit. He was sentenced to prison several times, both state and federal. He began writing while serving a sentence in Michigan's Jackson Penitentiary. Goines initially attempted to write Westerns, but he decided to write urban fiction after reading Robert "Iceberg Slim" Beck's autobiography Pimp: The Story of My Life. Goines continued to write novels at an accelerated pace in order to support his drug addictions, with some books taking only a month to complete. His sister Joan Goines Coney later said that Goines wrote at such an accelerated pace in order to avoid committing more crimes, and based many of the characters in his books on people he knew in real life. He completed 16 books. In 1974 Goines published Crime Partners, the first book in the Kenyatta series under the name Al C. Clark. Holloway House's chief executive Bentley Morriss requested that Goines publish the book under a pseudonym in order to avoid having the sales of Goines's work suffer due to too many books releasing at once. The book dealt with an anti-hero character named after Jomo Kenyatta that ran an organization similar to the Black Panthers to clear the ghetto of crime. In his book The Low Road, Eddie B. Allen remarks that the series was a departure from some of Goines's other works, with the character of Kenyatta symbolizing a sense of liberation for Goines. Inner City Hoodlum, which Goines had finished before his death, was published posthumously in 1975. Set in Los Angeles, the novel was about heroin, money and murder.
On October 21, 1974, Goines and his common-law wife Shirley Sailor were discovered dead in their Highland Park, Michigan apartment. The police had received an anonymous phone call earlier that evening and responded, discovering Goines in the living room of the apartment and Sailor's body in the kitchen. Both Goines and Sailor had sustained multiple gunshot wounds to the chest and head. The identity of the two gunmen is unknown, as is the reason behind the murders. Popular theories involve Goines being murdered due to his basing several of his characters on real life criminals, and the theory that Goines was killed due to him being in debt over drugs. At his funeral, a relative placed a book with Goines in his casket, but it was stolen.
Crime Partners (1974) [as Al C. Clark] Death List (1974) [as Al C. Clark] Kenyatta's Escape (1974) [as Al C. Clark] Kenyatta's Last Hit (1975) [as Al C. Clark]
Dopefiend (1971) Whoreson (1972) Black Gangster (1972) Street Players (1973) White Man's Justice, Black Man's Grief (1973) Black Girl Lost (1974) Eldorado Red (1974) Swamp Man (1974) Never Die Alone (1974) Cry Revenge (1974) [as Al C. Clark] Daddy Cool (1974) Inner City Hoodlum (1975)
Sources
Net-worth figure: Celebrity Net Worth (October 2026), in USD. Biography and career facts: the person's Wikipedia article and linked reporting. Snapshot date for all StarWorth figures: 28 October 2026.
